A Great White Egret in display mode
by John Crispin

Egret AAC breeds at Ham Wall
by John Crispin

A nest on Shapwick Heath

Chicks are ringed at 2-3 weeks

Egret AHJ, Deeping Lakes, Lincs
by Mike Weedon

Egret AAW, Sculthorpe Moor, Norfolk
by Graham Brownlow

Egret ABF at Langorse Lake, Powys

by Mark Waldron

Egret ACM at Walcot Pool, Shropshire

by Andrew Fusek-Peters

Egret ABM at Blacktoft Sands, E Yorkshire

by Andy Hunt

Egret AFU at Tatton Park, Cheshire
by Stuart Benson

Egret AAF, our oldest ringed bird,
by Andrew Kirby

Egret ACU at Ham Wall
by John Crispin

A nest on Westhay Moor, 2025

An adult returns to the nest

by Alan Ashman & Andrew Kirby

Birds of the Somerset
Levels and Moors

Bird populations are in constant change. In many cases this means decline. But two projects on the Somerset Levels and Moors focus on species whose numbers are increasing. Partly this is due to the restoration and creation of new habitat by the various wildlife organisations which work in partnership here; partly due to an ambitious reintroduction programme; and partly perhaps due to climate change, which has facilitated the spontaneous colonisation of a species new to this country.

The Great White Egret

A short film about the Great White Egret ringing programme has
been released by the Somerset Wildlife Trust

We are all too well aware that the natural world is in crisis, and that many species are declining due to a combination of factors including habitat loss and climate change. But for some, our changing world presents new opportunities. Over the last decade the Great White Egret has begun to establish itself as a new breeding species in the UK. Once killed for their magnificent bridal feathers which were sought after for the decoration of ladies' hats (and so helping to inspire the foundation of the RSPB), the egret family declined in numbers across Europe during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. But fashions changed, protection measures were put in place, and the climate warmed. Fifty years ago we watched the Little Egret spread from its European stronghold into East Anglia and then gradually across England, and over the last twenty years it has been followed by its larger cousin the Great White Egret - which bred successfully for the first time here on the Somerset Levels in 2012.

At first sight the great white egret is just white. But the bird has many ways of making white into a statement. Breeding adults acquire vivid green skin around the base of their bills, which turn from yellow to black, and their legs change from brown to a deep and impressive red. Over its workaday plumage the bird grows a bridal gown of loose feathers which can be raised and lowered in display. Pairs build stick nests on rickety reed platforms, usually in colonies which here in Somerset can number up to 24 nests. They lay three or four blue eggs; sibling rivalry is intense, and typically two chicks survive. Once fledged, the young birds disperse widely, often congregating in winter roosts before settling down to breed in their third year.

The ringing programme

Wanting to find out more about how best to welcome and safeguard these magnificent white herons, we are running a ringing programme to see what we can find out about this new UK species. We watch over the nest sites, monitor the behaviour of the breeding birds, ring some of the chicks and keep detailed records breeding outcomes and dispersal of the ringed birds. This involves drones, kayaks, and hours of patient observation. Birds now nest in colonies scattered across the Avalon Marshes, and their numbers are growing year on year. Since 2016 we have colour ringed 78 of the nestlings, and 80% of these ringed birds have been resighted in locations across the country - from Dunbar in the north to the Isle of Wight in the south, from the coast of Wales in the west to the coast of Suffolk in the east, and even in Northern Ireland and the island of Ireland. At least 2 of the older birds have bred here on the Avalon Marshes, and 3 have now helped to establish the first breeding colonies in other parts of the country. The map below shows the locations where Somerset colour ringed birds have been reported:

GWE COLOUR RING RESIGHTINGS PIN MAP
2016-2025

2025 Update:

2025 was the 14th consecutive breeding year for the Great White Egret here on the Avalon Marshes, and marked a 10 year milestone for the ringing programme. Every year is different, and 2025 was no exception. Egret AAF set a new national longevity record, and Egret ABM and partner helped create the first ever breeding record in Wales. Here in Somerset the birds battled with a year of erratic and inclement weather, established a new breeding site on Ham Wall and lost an entire colony in a single week to predation on Shapwick Heath. But by the end of the season, 73 birds had fledged from 38 productive nests. This is the third highest total of young fledged, after 2025 and 2024, but nonetheless represents a break in the hitherto uninterrupted sequence of expansion – largely due to the unusually cold weather at the beginning of the breeding season. 14 of this year’s nestlings were given colour rings; all fledged, and 12 have subsequently been resighted.

A paper 'Great White Egrets in England - tipping the balance' was published in British Birds in May 2022.

Recent annual reports can be downloaded here:

• 2025 Nesting & Ringing Report
• 2024 Nesting & Ringing Report
• 2023 Nesting & Ringing Report

For blog posts and other reports:

• Somerset Wildlife Trust article Spring-Summer 2025
  
• Avalon Marshes 2024 New Colonists Report
• Somerset Wildlife Trust blog post 'A Tale of Two Egrets'
  

In order to further our understanding of the habits and requirements of this species we are reliant on sightings of the ringed birds. So if you see any colour ringed great white egrets please do drop me an email at alison.morgan@rspb.org.uk, and I will let you know when and where it was ringed, and where it's been seen since then.

The colour ringing project is registered with the British Trust for Ornithology and the European colour ringing scheme, which can be accessed here.

The Common Crane

For the Common Crane, the story was, until recently, going in the other direction. Cranes are magnificent birds; 'medieval herons' as a fascinated onlooker said recently. Once common throughout the UK, scores of places up and down the country are named after their former population of cranes. But cranes are large, standing up to four feet tall, and roast well; we know that the Iron Age inhabitants of Glastonbury Lake Village ate them, and we know that in 1251 King Henry III hosted a Christmas feast at which 115 cranes were served. By the 17th century the crane was extinct in this country. But in the 1980s a small colony established itself in Norfolk, and by the early 2000s there were small numbers of breeding cranes in Yorkshire, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Aberdeenshire. Finally, 2010 saw the launch of an ambitious project to bring them back to the South West.

Over a five year period, 93 common cranes were hatched from eggs donated from Germany, reared at Slimbridge WWT and released onto the Somerset Levels. The programme was successful, and cranes now breed across the South West. I have been working as part of a small RSPB team to monitor and ring birds from the new generation of wild cranes. Birds are fitted with a radio tag and individually identifiable set of lightweight plastic rings, and released to join their parents. The Somerset population is now on course to become self sustaining, with birds breeding in an increasing number of locations. In 2021 a milestone was reached with the first fledging of a third-generation bird, reared by a bird ringed as a chick in 2016. About 15 young birds are now added to the population each year. Thanks to the reintroduction project, the number of UK cranes has doubled.

For centuries cranes were a conspicuous part of our landscape. Celebrated in poetry from the time of Homer onwards, they were included in many of the collections known in the Middle Ages as bestiaries - an early form of natural history enclopaedia which provided information about the species and stories illustrating how it lived and what we can learn from it. One of these was made in the 13th century here in SW England, and the British Library has put together a fascinating animation to tell the bird's story. Watch it by clicking the image below right, and see if you can spot the accurate bits!

Today we know that cranes live for up to 14 years; they find a mate through a carefully choreographed dancing display and usually (but not always!) pair for life. Their unique bugling call can be heard up to three miles away. In the winter they come together in flocks; in spring they split into pairs and establish distinct territories. They feed on unimproved grasslands and winter stubble, roost and nest in or near water, and lead their chicks out to forage in mature hay fields. They are, once again, becoming a familiar part of our rural landscape.

Crane stories

In 2021 we ringed three second generation birds, offspring of the original reintroduced group. One of these, nicknamed Sherry after her parents Soar & Cherry, was reported from the Vendee region of France in October 2023. Instead of returning home to Somerset, Sherry paired up with a Scottish crane who swept it off to his own home territory of Aberdeenshire, where they continue to return from France each spring. The Somerset population is not migratory, although the native populations are - so this is all the more surprising. Sherry made the BBC news here.

Another home-bred bird, ringed in 2021 and nicknamed Meg after her parents Clegg & Michaela, also found a partner and successfully reared a chick in both 2024 and 2025. And a third bird, Fergie, ringed on West Sedgemoor in 2019, has attempted breeding each year since 2023, succeeding for the first time at Greylake in 2025 with an unringed partner, where they fledged 2 chicks - one of which was ringed.

The 2025 breeding season

2025 was a challenging summer for the cranes, with persistent dry weather draining the pools on which the cranes use as their breeding sites. In Somerset, 25 pairs were confirmed to have made breeding attempts, of which 11 pairs hatched chicks, with 18-21 chicks produced in total. By the end of the season, 11 juveniles had fledged from 6 of these pairs, but two of these juveniles were lost soon after fledging. On West Sedgemoor, which was particularly badly affected by the drought, only one pair raised a chick; but breeding was successful both on Greylake and on Ham Wall, where water levels remained higher. On Ham Wall Meg and partner fledged one of their two chicks, and on Greylake Soar & Cherry fledged two and Fergie & partner fledged one. Two other pairs fledged chicks in South Somerset, and one pair in Wiltshire.

The number of wild born cranes in Somerset is increasing slowly but steadily.

• To find out more visit the Crane Project webpage, which explains how the cranes were reared and gives a wealth of information about the species and its history.
• To read an article by Beate Blahy about the Anglo-German partnership which underpinned the Reintroduction Project click here.
• To watch a short video about the Crane reintroduction project click here.
• To listen to cranes bugling click here, and to watch them dancing click here.
• To find out more about historical beliefs about cranes click here.

Why bother?

Why should we bother to look after the natural environment and the creatures with which we share it? For many reasons, not least that it's where we live, we are part of it and dependent on it, and we have been given responsibility to look after it. It's now recognised that our economic, physical, emotional and spiritual health is directly linked to our stewardship of the natural environment. To find out more try the following:

• Recent studies on the mental health benefits of birdlife
• Finding peace, comfort and joy in nature - Simon Barnes writes in the RSPB magazine Nature
• 'Watching birds near your home is good for your mental health' - study by the University of Exeter
• 'Does Biodiversity evoke happiness?' - study by the University of Frankfurt
  

Other great books on birds and our relationships with birds:

• Ackerman, Jennifer : The Bird Way – A New Look at how Birds Talk, Work, Play, Parent and Think, Corsair 2020
• Adkins, Roy & Leslie : When There Were Birds: The Forgotten History of our Connections (Little, Brown 2021)
• Baker, JA: The Peregrine (Collins 1967 & 2017)
• Cocker, Mark : One Midsummer’s Day – Swifts and the Story of Life on Earth (Jonathan Cape 2023)
• Haupt, Lyanda: Mozart's Starling, Corsair 2017
• MacDonald, Helen: H is For Hawk, Jonathan Cape 2014
• Mynott, Jeremy : Birds in the Ancient World – Winged Words (OUP 2018)
• Nicolson, Adam: The Seabird’s Cry: The Lives and Loves of Puffins, Gannets and Other Ocean Voyagers (William Collins 2017)
• Niemann, Derek: Birds in a Cage – The Remarkable Story of How Four Prisoners of War Survived Captivity (Short Books 2013)
• Palsson, Gisli: The Last of its Kind - The Search for the Great Auk & the Discovery of Extinction (Princeton University Press 2024)
• Richardson, Rosamond - Waiting for the Albino Dunnock: How Birds Can Change Your Life (Weidenfeld & Nicholson 2017)
• Tree, Isabella - Wilding: The Return of Nature to a British Farm (Picador 2018)
• Warren, Michael: The Cuckoo’s Lea – The forgotten history of birds and place (Bloomsbury Wildlife 2025)
  

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